作者: digoal

日期: 2016-12-01

标签: PostgreSQL , 少量not in大量 , 收敛优化 , 递归优化 , 收敛查询优化 select (300 ids) not in (select ids from 300万)

背景

有一个这样的场景，一张小表A，里面存储了一些ID，大约几百个。（比如说巡逻车辆ID，环卫车辆的ID，公交车，微公交的ID）。

另外有一张日志表B，每条记录中的ID是来自前面那张小表的，但不是每个ID都出现在这张日志表中，比如说一天可能只有几十个ID会出现在这个日志表的当天的数据中。 （比如车辆的行车轨迹数据，每秒上报轨迹，数据量就非常庞大）。

那么我怎么快速的找出今天没有出现的ID呢。（哪些巡逻车辆没有出现在这个片区，是不是偷懒了？哪些环卫车辆没有出行，哪些公交或微公交没有出行）？

select id from A where id not in (select id from B where time between ? and ?);

这个QUERY会很慢，有什么优化方法呢?

当然，你还可以让车辆签到的方式来解决这个问题，但是总有未签到的，或者没有这种设计的时候，那么怎么解决呢？

优化方法

其实方法也很精妙，和我之前做的两个CASE很相似。

《时序数据合并场景加速分析和实现 - 复合索引，窗口分组查询加速，变态递归加速》

《distinct xx和count(distinct xx)的变态递归优化方法 - 索引收敛(skip scan)扫描》

在B表中，其实ID的值是很稀疏的，只是由于是流水，所以总量大。

优化的手段就是对B的取值区间，做递归的收敛查询，然后再做NOT IN就很快了。

例子

建表

create table a(id int primary key, info text);

create table b(id int primary key, aid int, crt_time timestamp);
create index b_aid on b(aid);

插入测试数据

-- a表插入1000条
insert into a select generate_series(1,1000), md5(random()::text);

-- b表插入500万条，只包含aid的500个id。
insert into b select generate_series(1,5000000), generate_series(1,500), clock_timestamp();

优化前的性能

\timing

explain (analyze,verbose,timing,costs,buffers) select * from a where id not in (select aid from b); 

                                          QUERY PLAN            
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on public.a  (cost=0.00..67030021.50 rows=500 width=37) 
                       (actual time=2932.080..618776.881 rows=500 loops=1)
   Output: a.id, a.info
   Filter: (NOT (SubPlan 1))
   Rows Removed by Filter: 500
   Buffers: shared hit=27037, temp read=4264454 written=8545
   SubPlan 1
     ->  Materialize  (cost=0.00..121560.00 rows=5000000 width=4) 
                      (actual time=0.002..298.049 rows=2500125 loops=1000)
           Output: b.aid
           Buffers: shared hit=27028, temp read=4264454 written=8545
           ->  Seq Scan on public.b  (cost=0.00..77028.00 rows=5000000 width=4) 
                                     (actual time=0.009..888.427 rows=5000000 loops=1)
                 Output: b.aid
                 Buffers: shared hit=27028
 Planning time: 0.969 ms
 Execution time: 618794.299 ms
(14 rows)
另外你有一种选择是使用outer join, b表同样需要全扫一遍，有很大的改进，不过还可以更好，继续往后看。

postgres=# explain (analyze,verbose,timing,costs,buffers) 
                    select a.id from a left join b on (a.id=b.aid) where b.* is null;
                                       QUERY PLAN                             
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Hash Right Join  (cost=31.50..145809.50 rows=25000 width=4) 
                  (actual time=2376.777..2376.862 rows=500 loops=1)
   Output: a.id
   Hash Cond: (b.aid = a.id)
   Filter: (b.* IS NULL)
   Rows Removed by Filter: 5000000
   Buffers: shared hit=27037
   ->  Seq Scan on public.b  (cost=0.00..77028.00 rows=5000000 width=44) 
                             (actual time=0.012..1087.997 rows=5000000 loops=1)
         Output: b.aid, b.*
         Buffers: shared hit=27028
   ->  Hash  (cost=19.00..19.00 rows=1000 width=4) (actual time=0.355..0.355 rows=1000 loops=1)
         Output: a.id
         Buckets: 1024  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 44kB
         Buffers: shared hit=9
         ->  Seq Scan on public.a  (cost=0.00..19.00 rows=1000 width=4) 
                                   (actual time=0.010..0.183 rows=1000 loops=1)
               Output: a.id
               Buffers: shared hit=9
 Planning time: 0.302 ms
 Execution time: 2376.934 ms
(18 rows)
递归收敛优化后的性能

explain (analyze,verbose,timing,costs,buffers) 
select * from a where id not in 
(
with recursive skip as (  
  (  
    select min(aid) aid from b where aid is not null  
  )  
  union all  
  (  
    select (select min(aid) aid from b where b.aid > s.aid and b.aid is not null)   
      from skip s where s.aid is not null  
  )  -- 这里的where s.aid is not null 一定要加,否则就死循环了.  
)   
select aid from skip where aid is not null
);

                                           QUERY PLAN 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on public.a  (cost=54.98..76.48 rows=500 width=37) 
                       (actual time=10.837..10.957 rows=500 loops=1)
   Output: a.id, a.info
   Filter: (NOT (hashed SubPlan 5))
   Rows Removed by Filter: 500
   Buffers: shared hit=2012
   SubPlan 5
     ->  CTE Scan on skip  (cost=52.71..54.73 rows=100 width=4) 
                           (actual time=0.042..10.386 rows=500 loops=1)
           Output: skip.aid
           Filter: (skip.aid IS NOT NULL)
           Rows Removed by Filter: 1
           Buffers: shared hit=2003
           CTE skip
             ->  Recursive Union  (cost=0.46..52.71 rows=101 width=4) 
                                  (actual time=0.037..10.104 rows=501 loops=1)
                   Buffers: shared hit=2003
                   ->  Result  (cost=0.46..0.47 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.036..0.036 rows=1 loops=1)
                         Output: $1
                         Buffers: shared hit=4
                         InitPlan 3 (returns $1)
                           ->  Limit  (cost=0.43..0.46 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.031..0.032 rows=1 loops=1)
                                 Output: b_1.aid
                                 Buffers: shared hit=4
                                 ->  Index Only Scan using b_aid on public.b b_1  (cost=0.43..131903.43 rows=5000000 width=4) 
                                                                                    (actual time=0.030..0.030 rows=1 loops=1)
                                       Output: b_1.aid
                                       Index Cond: (b_1.aid IS NOT NULL)
                                       Heap Fetches: 1
                                       Buffers: shared hit=4
                   ->  WorkTable Scan on skip s  (cost=0.00..5.02 rows=10 width=4) (actual time=0.019..0.019 rows=1 loops=501)
                         Output: (SubPlan 2)
                         Filter: (s.aid IS NOT NULL)
                         Rows Removed by Filter: 0
                         Buffers: shared hit=1999
                         SubPlan 2
                           ->  Result  (cost=0.47..0.48 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.018..0.018 rows=1 loops=500)
                                 Output: $3
                                 Buffers: shared hit=1999
                                 InitPlan 1 (returns $3)
                                   ->  Limit  (cost=0.43..0.47 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.017..0.017 rows=1 loops=500)
                                         Output: b.aid
                                         Buffers: shared hit=1999
                                         ->  Index Only Scan using b_aid on public.b  (cost=0.43..66153.48 rows=1666667 width=4) 
                                                                                     (actual time=0.017..0.017 rows=1 loops=500)
                                               Output: b.aid
                                               Index Cond: ((b.aid > s.aid) AND (b.aid IS NOT NULL))
                                               Heap Fetches: 499
                                               Buffers: shared hit=1999
 Planning time: 0.323 ms
 Execution time: 11.082 ms
(46 rows)

采用收敛查询优化后，耗时从最初的 618794毫秒 降低到了 11毫秒 ，感觉一下子节约了好多青春。